Motivation in Innovation Projects

In the innovation process literature stage gate models on the one hand and context factors on the other are still dominant. Very little is known about special issues regarding innovation project characteristics. Case studies suggest that the way innovation projects are staffed and managed is highly related to success. The present study investigates the motivation in innovation projects empirically. We analyzed data from 41 interviews. The results suggest that variance in motivation during the project is negatively associated with success. That implies practical suggestions for managers for how to staff and lead in innovation projects.

Research in innovation process characteristics

(...) Van de Ven and colleagues conducted a rare longitudinal study in 18 companies be-tween 1982 and 2000 in order to investigate success factors for innovation processes and to identify an ideal procedure in idea man-agement. Their conclusion still summarizes the current state in the field: „No overarching process theory of innovation has yet emerged from the research program, nor are prospects bright in the near future.“ (p. 4; see also Hobday, 2005; Mahdi, 2002). Pavitt (2006) concluded his investigations with the statement: „There is no widely accepted theory of firm-level process of innovation.“ (p. 87). Nevertheless, organizations want to structure and staff their projects effectively to raise the probability of success and save resources at the same time. Given that need, several critical variables are well known (for an overview see Belassi & Tukel, 1996; Brown, Schmied & Tarondeau, 2002). Overall, top management support, clear goals, resources, communication, and scheduling seem to be the most crucial elements. The importance of these factors differ depending on the stakeholders (Davis, in print), the definition of success, the industry, the organizational structure, and the size of the project (Belassi & Tukel, 1996). (...) (...) The importance and development of motivation among team members during an innovation project is also not extensively in-vestigated so far. Research in job satisfaction (Judge, Bono, Thoresen & Patton, 2001) and readiness for change (Armenakis, Harris & Mossholder, 1993) suggest some importance. Case studies report a threatening 'valley of tears' but remain anecdotal (van de Ven, Angle & Poole, 2000). The present study aims to investigate time, staff and motivation related factors in innovation projects empirically. (...)

Methods

(...) We conducted an interview study with 41 participants in 5 different companies. We reconstructed the last innovation project of each interviewee by assessing the single steps of the entire process, their respective activity, the result, the duration and the number of participants. In addition, we asked for a subjective rating of the individual motivation to continue the project at every process step on a Likert scale (-10 to +10). To measure innovation success we also asked the interviewees to rate the likelihood for the project to succeed at every process step on a Likert scale (-10 to +10). After that, we averaged the ratings in order to compute a process sensitive value of project success. The interview sample consisted of 6 senior managers, 14 people from middle management and 21 lower level employees (cf. Markusch, 2011). (...)

Results

(...) On a scale ranging from -10 to +10 the average motivation was slightly positive (Mean = 3.94), variance was quite high (Standard Deviation = 3.54; Minimum = -4.65, Maximum = 3.75). Average motivation is highly correlated with project success, r = .54***. In contrast, variance is negatively correlated, r = -.44**. To understand the importance of motivational changes during the project we divided every project in ten equal time parts and calculated the average motivation in each period. Motivation trajec-tories could be categorised into four charac-teristic shapes. In 34% of all cases values rise up during the process, meaning all graphs start near to or below the average line and end above (see figure 1 in the PDF-version of this article). In 24% of the cases the motivation declines, when all graphs start above the average line and end below (see figure 2 in the PDF-version of this article). Another 24% show a U-shape: the graphs start near to or above the average line, drop below at a certain point in time and end ap-proximately at the starting point (see figure 3 in the PDF-version of this article). Interestingly, maximum frustration is not always at the same time but occurs anywhere from the third to the ninth decentile. The remaining 18% show a wave-like graph that crosses the average line at least two times (see figure 4 in the PDF-version of this article). A One-Way ANOVA of the 4 different shape types showed no significant influence on project success, F = 0.39. In summary, a 'valley of tears' in motivation as argued by van de Ven, Angle & Poole (2000) was not dominant. In fact, in three of four interviews other types of shapes occurred. However, the progress of trajectories is not so important but the average level (should be high) and changes over time (should be small). (...)

Conclusion

(...) Managers should be aware of motivation during the process. Unsurprisingly, high values in motivation support success. But even more importantly, fluctuations should be avoided, because too much swaying decreases success probability. Investigating climate, satisfaction and compliance by surveys, interviews or by a person of trust from time to time helps managers to monitor this human factor. Therefore, a mixture of task oriented and socially oriented management activities aimed at meeting time requirements and keeping team motivation high is the best way to lead a an innovation project to success. More specifically, Hooijberg (1996) provides a “circumplex” model of innovation process for leadership, in which eight somewhat contradictory roles are systematically arranged around the perimeter of a circle. Following the authors, managers must show some behavioural complexity, which basically means that they should adjust their leadership style to the leadership requirements flexibly. Even more concretely, De Jong & Den Hartog (2007) describe thirteen explicit behaviours designed to support members of innovation projects. (...) Please download the PDF-version of this article for a full reference list.

 

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